hOw AIrpLaNeS aRe wOrkInG

INTRODUCTION:

 Four actions mainly needed for flying of an airplane. They are Lift (Upward acting force),Gravity (Downward acting force) ,Thrust (Forward acting force),Drag (Air Resistance, Backward acting force). These 4 forces continuously battling with each other while airplane is in flying. Gravity opposes lift, Thrust opposes Drag. While take off – Lift > Gravity,While flying  Lift = Gravity : Thrust = Drag, While landing – Thrust<Drag

BASIC PRINCIPLE:

Air is like a fluid. There is no lift without any motion of Air or fluid. Can you imagine? I'm simply saying there is no movement without any motion. Air or Fluid which gets deflect if any obstacle placed while flowing. In airplane, wings designed like Special: Their upper surfaces are curved and their lower surfaces are flatter.This is designed to produce lift in motion. Like the below diagram.....The Wings make pressure difference while in motion due to wing shape and motion.Four basic structure include in plane design and construction. The basic structural parameters....Propeller (for thrust),Aileron (for increased and decreased lift),Elevator (for drag),Rudder (for upward and downward direction change).

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• Aileron takes the responsibility of increasing, decreasing lift. While in initial motion, aileron lowered that increases lift,While in constant speed flying, aileron in neutral position that maintains level of flight,While in landing, aileron in raised that decreases lift and move downwards. Elevator takes the responsibility of increasing, decreasing lift and for Centering. While in Landing, elevator raised that reduces lift.While in flying, elevator in neutral position Centered the flight.While in take off, elevator is lowered that increases lift and move upwards. Rudder takes the responsibility of moving right, left direction.While in flying, rudder in left makes the tail or flight right.While in flying, rudder in neutral makes the tail or flight center.While in flying, rudder in right makes the tail or flight left.
• For thrust itself in most of the flights uses engines like Jet Engines, Turbo jet, Reciprocating Engines,Turbofan,Turboprop,Ramjet,Scram Jet.

• Imagine the above details you can get the flying mechanism of Flight but keep imagine with the concept of basic principle...........

woRKinG oF ElectRicaL TeSTer

How Electrical Testers are Working

Inside an electrical tester

Components:

Metallic rod, Resistor, Neon bulb ,Spring connector,Metal Head ,Plastic Sheath (Provide Insulation )

Connection:

                       Metallic rod with one end looks like screw driver , Other end contact with Resistor.Resister in the range of 2.2 M_Ohm - 10 M_Ohm to limit the current in order to sub-milliampere level maximum   that enters neon bulb One end of Neon bulb contact with High watt resistor and the other end connected with Spring. Spring connected with metal head which provides contact to earth by  means of our body. Plastic Sheath that covers the entire testers provide overall insulation between our body and live voltage.

Operation:

• When the tip of tester touches the live wire there is some flow of current that glows the neon bulb, if our body touches the metallic head. Because our body provides the closed path to the circuit  via earth.If we don't touch metallic  head the lamp will not glows because the circuit remains open. We can use testers from 90V to a high range. Neon bulb glows even for a small current.Glowing brightness of neon lamp depends on voltage level. High watt resistor acts as a heavy load even for a high voltage.Lamp may not glow if we have heavy insulation from ground.If resistor fails heavy current flows through our body leads to death.

WOrkinG oF sMokE DeTecTOr

Smoke Detectors

Components: 

                                TWO electrodes(Positive Electrode, Negative Electrode) ,Americium 241 (Radioactive material , Alpha Source )(0.29 micrograms),Black Cylinder,MOSFET(sense the change in current),9 volt  battery 

Operation:             

                  There was a black cylinder that covers overall miniature equipment like electrodes, Radioactive material,  MOSFET. Allows the air to pass through it. Air doesn't conduct electricity but the Radioactive material Americium which atomic number : 95, Atomic weight : 243.1 acts as a source that makes the oxygen and nitrogen ions in air between the positive electrode and negative electrode to made the electrons active and it is  driven by a voltage source of 9 volt causes some current in the range of 100 pico amps                        When smoke enters the chamber the ions attach to it and slow down and often lose their charge, both events cause the current to stop, which triggers the alarm. In the circuit we use 9 volt battery for creating voltage difference between gate and drain. Drain of MOSFET connected with horn . Flow of current from source to drain due to triggering gate make the horn due to flow of current. Then after the air inside electrode produces tiny current as said as above goes through a large resistor produces voltage according to V=IR ohm's law. This voltage opposes the battery and it shut down the flow of current through the MOSFET.

                   Again smoke enters the same above operation will happen.

                   Below the Overall Circuit Shown.......